Physics/Chemistry Economic Sciences Nobel Peace Prize Literature Physiology/Medicine
The Nobel Prizes
"The whole of my remaining estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind." -Alfred Nobel, his Will
"It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not." -Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel created the Nobel Prizes through his will. The prizes are for Medicine/Physiology, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and the Peace Prize. The Economic Sciences prize was added later on, but not part of the Nobel Prizes.
The Medicine/Physiology award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Literature award would go to "the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in ideal direction" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Academy in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Physics award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of Physics." (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Chemistry award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement” (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Economic Sciences prize was not added until 1969. The Economic Sciences prize is not a Nobel Prize because it was created in honor of Alfred Nobel by the Sveriges Riksbank. The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Peace Prize would be awarded to "the person who shall have done the most or best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded given by the Norwegian sorting.
"The whole of my remaining estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind." -Alfred Nobel, his Will
"It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not." -Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel created the Nobel Prizes through his will. The prizes are for Medicine/Physiology, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, and the Peace Prize. The Economic Sciences prize was added later on, but not part of the Nobel Prizes.
The Medicine/Physiology award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Literature award would go to "the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in ideal direction" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Academy in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Physics award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of Physics." (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Chemistry award would go to "the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement” (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences.
The Economic Sciences prize was not added until 1969. The Economic Sciences prize is not a Nobel Prize because it was created in honor of Alfred Nobel by the Sveriges Riksbank. The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden.
The Peace Prize would be awarded to "the person who shall have done the most or best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses" (Alfred Nobel's Will) and is awarded given by the Norwegian sorting.
History
"Nobel's last will left approximately 94 percent of his worth to the establishment of five prizes (physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace)..." (History of the Nobel Prizes).His estate of 9.5 million dollars, went towards awarding the Nobel Prizes. "Though Nobel had proposed a very grandiose plan for the prizes in his will, there were great many problems with the will. Relatives of Alfred Nobel were so shocked that many wanted the will contested...The location of residency (of Alfred Nobel) would determine what country's laws would govern the will and the estate (but no one knew his legal residence) ...The organizations that Nobel named in his will to award the prizes and not been asked to take on these duties prior to Nobel's death. Also, there was no plan to compensate these organizations for their work on the prizes...Because of the incompleteness and other obstacles presented by Alfred's will, it took five years of hurdles before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes awarded." (History of the Nobel Prizes)
There were many fights over the will, even the king of Sweden did not agree at first to the idea of the Nobel Prize. Although, against all odds, the creation of the Nobel Prizes came to reality.
There were many fights over the will, even the king of Sweden did not agree at first to the idea of the Nobel Prize. Although, against all odds, the creation of the Nobel Prizes came to reality.
How it works
The Nobel Prizes are nominated by; professors of universities in Norway and Sweden, members of the Swedish academy, Royal Academy of Science, Nobel Committee members, legislative assemblies and governments of states in the world and distinguished people that is invited to nominate.
"Anybody worthy of receiving a Nobel award can be nominated irrespective of color, creed or race. The simple rule for nomination is that a person cannot nominate himself and a dead person cannot be nominated. The gold medal and diploma is given in appreciation of the work they have done for the world and the cash prize is given to continue the work that they have been doing, that is why it is given only to person who are alive." (Nobel Prizes Winners: How They Are Chosen)
The ceremony of the Nobel Prizes is at the city hall in Stockholm. There, the Nobel winners recieve their prizes from the king of sweden and present their speech. Although the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway.That ceremony would start at 10 am in the assembely hall of the University of Oslo, presence of the king and the Norwegion sorting. After the ceremony there would be a grand banquet with 1,300, including the royal family. The ceremony would have entertainment and food. Then, there would be an after party with the few important guests. Next is a large Nobel Banquet at the city hall to end the day.
The Nobel Prizes are nominated by; professors of universities in Norway and Sweden, members of the Swedish academy, Royal Academy of Science, Nobel Committee members, legislative assemblies and governments of states in the world and distinguished people that is invited to nominate.
"Anybody worthy of receiving a Nobel award can be nominated irrespective of color, creed or race. The simple rule for nomination is that a person cannot nominate himself and a dead person cannot be nominated. The gold medal and diploma is given in appreciation of the work they have done for the world and the cash prize is given to continue the work that they have been doing, that is why it is given only to person who are alive." (Nobel Prizes Winners: How They Are Chosen)
The ceremony of the Nobel Prizes is at the city hall in Stockholm. There, the Nobel winners recieve their prizes from the king of sweden and present their speech. Although the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway.That ceremony would start at 10 am in the assembely hall of the University of Oslo, presence of the king and the Norwegion sorting. After the ceremony there would be a grand banquet with 1,300, including the royal family. The ceremony would have entertainment and food. Then, there would be an after party with the few important guests. Next is a large Nobel Banquet at the city hall to end the day.
Context of Alfred Nobel's Will
"I, the undersigned, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, do hereby, after mature deliberation, declare the following to be my last Will and Testament with respect to such property as may be left by me at the time of my death:
To my nephews, Hjalmar and Ludvig Nobel, the sons of my brother Robert Nobel, I bequeath the sums of Two Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
To my nephew Emanuel Nobel, the sum of Three Hundred Thousand, and to my niece Mina Nobel, One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
To my brother Robert Nobel's daughters, Ingeborg and Tyra, the sum of One Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
Miss Olga Boettger, at present staying with Mrs. Brand, 10 Rue St. Florentin, Paris, will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
Mrs. Sofie Kapy von Kapivar, whose address is known to the Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank in Vienna, is hereby entitled to an annuity of 6000 Florins Ö.W
which is paid to her by the said bank, and to this end I have deposited in this Bank the amount of 15000 Fl in Hungarian State bonds;
Mr. Alarik Liedbeck, presently living at 26 Sturegatan, Stockholm, will receive One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
Miss Elise Antun, presently living at 32 rue de Lubeck, Paris, is entitled to an annuity of Two Thousand Five Hundred Francs. In addition, Forty Eight Thousand Francs owned by her are at present in my custody, and shall be refunded.
Mr. Alfred Hammond, Waterford, Texas, U.S.A. will receive Ten Thousand Dollars;
The Misses Emy and Marie Winkelmann, Potsdamerstrasse, 51, Berlin, will receive Fifty Thousand Marks each;
Mrs Gaucher, 2 bis Boulevard du Viaduc, Nimes, France will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
My servants, Auguste Oswald and his wife Alphonse Tournand, employed in my laboratory at San Remo, will each receive an annuity of One Thousand Francs;
My former servant, Joseph Girardot, 5, Place St. Laurent, Châlons sur Saône, is entitled to an annuity of Five Hundred Francs, and my former gardener, Jean Lecof, at present with Mrs. Desoutter, receveur Curaliste, Mesnil, Aubry pour Ecouen, S.& O., France, will receive an annuity of Three Hundred Francs;
Mr. Georges Fehrenbach, 2, Rue Compiègne, Paris, is entitled to an annual pension of Five Thousand Francs from January 1, 1896 to January 1, 1899, when the said pension shall discontinue;
A sum of Twenty Thousand Crowns each, which has been placed in my custody, is the property of my brother's children, Hjalmar, Ludvig, Ingeborg and Tyra, and shall be repaid to them.
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.
As Executors of my testamentary dispositions, I hereby appoint Mr. Ragnar Sohlman, resident at Bofors, Värmland, and Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, 31 Malmskillnadsgatan, Stockholm, and at Bengtsfors near Uddevalla. To compensate for their pains and attention, I grant to Mr. Ragnar Sohlman, who will presumably have to devote most time to this matter, One Hundred Thousand Crowns, and to Mr. Rudolf Lilljequist, Fifty Thousand Crowns;
At the present time, my property consists in part of real estate in Paris and San Remo, and in part of securities deposited as follows: with The Union Bank of Scotland Ltd in Glasgow and London, Le Crédit Lyonnais, Comptoir National d'Escompte, and with Alphen Messin & Co. in Paris; with the stockbroker M.V. Peter of Banque Transatlantique, also in Paris; with Direction der Disconto Gesellschaft and Joseph Goldschmidt & Cie, Berlin; with the Russian Central Bank, and with Mr. Emanuel Nobel in Petersburg; with Skandinaviska Kredit Aktiebolaget in Gothenburg and Stockholm, and in my strong-box at 59, Avenue Malakoff, Paris; further to this are accounts receivable, patents, patent fees or so-called royalties etc. in connection with which my Executors will find full information in my papers and books.
This Will and Testament is up to now the only one valid, and revokes all my previous testamentary dispositions, should any such exist after my death.
Finally, it is my express wish that following my death my veins shall be opened, and when this has been done and competent Doctors have confirmed clear signs of death, my remains shall be cremated in a so-called crematorium.
Paris, 27 November, 1895
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
That Mr. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, being of sound mind, has of his own free will declared the above to be his last Will and Testament, and that he has signed the same, we have, in his presence and the presence of each other, hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses:
Sigurd Ehrenborg
former Lieutenant
Paris: 84 Boulevard Haussmann
R. W. Strehlenert
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline
Thos Nordenfelt
Constructor
8, Rue Auber, Paris
Leonard Hwass
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline"
To my nephews, Hjalmar and Ludvig Nobel, the sons of my brother Robert Nobel, I bequeath the sums of Two Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
To my nephew Emanuel Nobel, the sum of Three Hundred Thousand, and to my niece Mina Nobel, One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
To my brother Robert Nobel's daughters, Ingeborg and Tyra, the sum of One Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
Miss Olga Boettger, at present staying with Mrs. Brand, 10 Rue St. Florentin, Paris, will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
Mrs. Sofie Kapy von Kapivar, whose address is known to the Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank in Vienna, is hereby entitled to an annuity of 6000 Florins Ö.W
which is paid to her by the said bank, and to this end I have deposited in this Bank the amount of 15000 Fl in Hungarian State bonds;
Mr. Alarik Liedbeck, presently living at 26 Sturegatan, Stockholm, will receive One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
Miss Elise Antun, presently living at 32 rue de Lubeck, Paris, is entitled to an annuity of Two Thousand Five Hundred Francs. In addition, Forty Eight Thousand Francs owned by her are at present in my custody, and shall be refunded.
Mr. Alfred Hammond, Waterford, Texas, U.S.A. will receive Ten Thousand Dollars;
The Misses Emy and Marie Winkelmann, Potsdamerstrasse, 51, Berlin, will receive Fifty Thousand Marks each;
Mrs Gaucher, 2 bis Boulevard du Viaduc, Nimes, France will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
My servants, Auguste Oswald and his wife Alphonse Tournand, employed in my laboratory at San Remo, will each receive an annuity of One Thousand Francs;
My former servant, Joseph Girardot, 5, Place St. Laurent, Châlons sur Saône, is entitled to an annuity of Five Hundred Francs, and my former gardener, Jean Lecof, at present with Mrs. Desoutter, receveur Curaliste, Mesnil, Aubry pour Ecouen, S.& O., France, will receive an annuity of Three Hundred Francs;
Mr. Georges Fehrenbach, 2, Rue Compiègne, Paris, is entitled to an annual pension of Five Thousand Francs from January 1, 1896 to January 1, 1899, when the said pension shall discontinue;
A sum of Twenty Thousand Crowns each, which has been placed in my custody, is the property of my brother's children, Hjalmar, Ludvig, Ingeborg and Tyra, and shall be repaid to them.
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.
As Executors of my testamentary dispositions, I hereby appoint Mr. Ragnar Sohlman, resident at Bofors, Värmland, and Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, 31 Malmskillnadsgatan, Stockholm, and at Bengtsfors near Uddevalla. To compensate for their pains and attention, I grant to Mr. Ragnar Sohlman, who will presumably have to devote most time to this matter, One Hundred Thousand Crowns, and to Mr. Rudolf Lilljequist, Fifty Thousand Crowns;
At the present time, my property consists in part of real estate in Paris and San Remo, and in part of securities deposited as follows: with The Union Bank of Scotland Ltd in Glasgow and London, Le Crédit Lyonnais, Comptoir National d'Escompte, and with Alphen Messin & Co. in Paris; with the stockbroker M.V. Peter of Banque Transatlantique, also in Paris; with Direction der Disconto Gesellschaft and Joseph Goldschmidt & Cie, Berlin; with the Russian Central Bank, and with Mr. Emanuel Nobel in Petersburg; with Skandinaviska Kredit Aktiebolaget in Gothenburg and Stockholm, and in my strong-box at 59, Avenue Malakoff, Paris; further to this are accounts receivable, patents, patent fees or so-called royalties etc. in connection with which my Executors will find full information in my papers and books.
This Will and Testament is up to now the only one valid, and revokes all my previous testamentary dispositions, should any such exist after my death.
Finally, it is my express wish that following my death my veins shall be opened, and when this has been done and competent Doctors have confirmed clear signs of death, my remains shall be cremated in a so-called crematorium.
Paris, 27 November, 1895
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
That Mr. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, being of sound mind, has of his own free will declared the above to be his last Will and Testament, and that he has signed the same, we have, in his presence and the presence of each other, hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses:
Sigurd Ehrenborg
former Lieutenant
Paris: 84 Boulevard Haussmann
R. W. Strehlenert
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline
Thos Nordenfelt
Constructor
8, Rue Auber, Paris
Leonard Hwass
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline"